Citing references

It ensures that the author's name and year of publication appear within the text.

• The alphabetical order makes the reference list easy to consult.
• Only one entry is necessary for each reference in the text, so that the terms 'ibid' (in the same place) and 'op cit' (in the work previously cited) can be avoided.

It is important to keep your citation consistent throughout your work.

To cite something in the main body of the essay or work that you are writing you should include the author and date of publication. If there is no author, use the title instead.

Example - 1 author
As Brooke, H. (2007) states... or the Press Guide (2006) gives further information on ....

Example - 2 authors
If the work has two authors / editors you must cite both names. You only use the author and date: do not include the title, place of publication etc.

The work of Smith (2002) emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene. Theakston and Boddington (2007) however, considered that ...

Example - 3 or more authors
If the work has three or more authors / editors the abbreviation 'et al' should be used after the first author's name.

The work of Smith et al (2002) emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene.

If you cite an item which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the two.

Example
The work of Smith (2002a) emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene.

If you use a direct quote from a book, article etc you must:

• Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech)
• State the page number

Example
Simpson (2002, p6) declared that 'the recent political situation was unexpected'.

Have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes over two lines

Example
Shapiro (2006, p119) states:

'A worldwide surge in demand for French goods could give rise to French inflation, unless France allowed the franc to appreciate. In other words, currency changes can substitute bouts of inflation and deflation caused by various economic shocks.'

Alternatively ...

'A worldwide surge in demand for French gods could give rise to French inflation, unless France allowed the franc to appreciate. In other words, currency changes can substitute bouts of inflation and deflation caused by various economic shocks.' Shapiro (2006, p119)

Alternatively ...

Part of the original text may be omitted from the quotation as long as three dots are used to indicate this:

Shapiro (2006, p119) states:

'A worldwide surge in demand for French gods could give rise to French inflation, unless France allowed the franc to appreciate… Once France has entered the monetary union it no longer has the option of changing it's exchange rate..'

Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown.

Reference list and bibliography information is found on the title page (usually the first one).

For Harvard referencing you will need:

• Author / Editor. (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name)
• (Year of publication)
• Title. (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number. (if part of a series)
• Edition. (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication: (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher

Example
Besley, S. (2008) Essentials of managerial finance. Ohio, Thomson/SouthWestern.

Ferran, E. (2008) Principles of corporate finance law. London, Pearson/Prentice Hall

Stopford, M. (1997) Maritime economics. (2nd ed.) London, Routledge

If there are three or more or authors you must list every author in your reference list. Do not use et al.

Example
Letts, C., Ryan, W.P., Grossman, A. (1999) High performance nonprofit organisations.

Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

For e-books the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by "Available at:" then include e-book source and web site address. [Accessed date].

Levi, M.D. (2005) International finance. [e-book] London, Routledge.

Available at: City University Library Catalogue [Accessed 5 October 2008].

Valdez, S. (2007) Introduction to global financial markets. [e-book] Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: City University Library Catalogue [Accessed 8 October 2008]

N.B. the URL should be underlined.

Citing Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

Referencing
Reference list and bibliography information is found on the title page (usually the first one).

For Harvard referencing you will need, author, date, title of chapter then author and title of book, edition, place of publication and publisher.

Author of chapter.
(Year of publication)
Title of chapter. (this should be in single quotation marks)
In: Editor (always put (ed) after the name)
Title. (this should be in italics)
Series title and number. (if part of a series)
Edition. (if not the first edition)
Place of publication: (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
Publisher,
Page numbers. (use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages)

Example
Rule, David. (2003) 'Alternative risk transfer and financial stability'. In: Lane, Morton. (ed) Alternative risk strategies. London:Risk Books, pp. 619-633.

Reference list and bibliography information is found on the title page (usually the first one).

For Harvard referencing you will need, author, date, title of journal article , title of journal (entered in italics) , volume number, part / issue number (if given) page numbers of the article:

Author(s).
(Year of publication)
Title of journal article (this should be in single quotation marks)
Title of journal. (this should be in italics)
Volume number
(Part / issue number),
Page number(s) of the article (use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages)

Strack, R., Baier, J., Fahlander, A. (2008) 'Managing demographic risk'. Harvard Business Review, 86 (2), pp.119-128.

Print copy
Reference list and bibliography information is found on the title page (usually the first one).
For Harvard referencing you will need reporter's name, day, month and year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper and page numbers.

Reporter.
(Year of publication)
Title of article. (this should be in single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper. (this should be in italics)
Day, month.
Page number(s) of article (use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' when there are multiple pages)

Example

Johnson, B. (2007) 'High-def hopes: Television may be going through a difficult time at the moment but at last broadcasters have a new piece of technology to feel optimistic about'. The Guardian. Monday 24th September. p.6.
Online copy
For Harvard referencing you will need reporter's name, day, month and year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper, note it was accessed online, page numbers, url and date of access.

Reporter.
(Day, month and year of publication)
Title of article. (this should be in single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper. (this should be in italics)
Day, month.
Page number(s) of article. (if given, use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' when there are multiple pages)
[Online]
Available from: URL
(Date of access).

Example

Robinson, James. (2007) 'Creative industry as important to Britain as finance'. The Guardian. Sunday 24th June. p. 9. [Online] Available from: http://0-guardian.chadwyck.co.uk.wam.city.ac.uk/guardian/quickSearchDisplayRecord .do?queryString=creative%20industries&sortType=reverseChronological&page Size=25&pageNum=6&index=132 (accessed 12th October 2007)

Reference list and bibliography information is usually found on the 'about us' pages.
For Harvard referencing you will need, author, date, title of article (entered in italics) , url and date accessed.

Author / Editor / Corporate Author.
(Year)
Title. (this should be in italics).
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access].

Example

CIA World Factbook (2008) Albania: country background information [Online] Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/al.html [Accessed 27 October 2008]

N.B. If there is no author or corporate author, use the title of the document as the main point of reference, followed by the date

Reference list and bibliography information is usually found in the email itself.
For Harvard referencing you will need, sender details, full date sent, subject of message (entered in italics), email recipient's details.

Sender.
(Sender's email address)
(Day/Month/Year).
Subject of message. (this should be in italics)
Email to: recipient's name.
(Recipient's email address).

Example

Greenwood, D. (d.greenwood@financialinfo.com) (16 March 2007). In answer to your question. Email to: Alderton, M. (m.alderton@workingforaliving.co.uk).

For details of referencing databases and other please see the Citing Electronic Resources guide.